Liberalism (Libéralisme) (LIB-uh-ruh-liz-uhm)
Political ideology emphasizing individual rights and freedoms.
Liberalism advocates for free markets and civil liberties.

Conservatism (Conservatisme) (kun-SUR-vuh-tiz-uhm)
Political ideology favoring tradition and limited government intervention.
Conservatism often stresses the importance of family values.

Socialism (Socialisme) (SOH-shuh-liz-uhm)
Political and economic theory advocating for social ownership and control.
Socialism aims to reduce inequality through wealth redistribution.

Communism (Communisme) (KOM-yuh-niz-uhm)
Political theory advocating a classless society and collective ownership.
Historically, communism has led to state control of the economy.

Fascism (Fascisme) (FASH-iz-uhm)
Authoritarian ultranationalist political ideology.
Fascism is characterized by dictatorial power and suppression of opposition.

Anarchism (Anarchisme) (AN-ar-kiz-uhm)
Political philosophy that advocates self-governed societies without rulers.
Anarchism opposes all forms of coercive hierarchy.

Nationalism (Nationalisme) (NASH-uh-nuh-liz-uhm)
Political ideology emphasizing loyalty and devotion to a nation.
Nationalism can be a strong unifying force within a country.

Feminism (Féminisme) (FEM-uh-niz-uhm)
Range of social movements and ideologies that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve equal political, economic, personal, and social rights for women.
Feminism continues to advocate for gender equality in all aspects of life.

Environmentalism (Écologisme) (en-vy-ron-MEN-tuhl-iz-uhm)
Political and ethical movement that seeks to protect and improve the natural environment.
Environmentalism calls for sustainable practices and conservation efforts.

Populism (Populisme) (POP-yuh-liz-uhm)
Political approach that seeks to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups.
Populism often involves anti-establishment rhetoric.

Democracy (Démocratie) (di-MOK-ruh-see)
System of government in which the people hold power and elect representatives.
Democracy ensures that citizens have a voice in their governance.

Monarchy (Monarchie) (MON-ar-kee)
Form of government in which a single person, the monarch, holds supreme authority.
The monarchy in some countries is largely ceremonial.

Republic (République) (ri-PUHB-lik)
State in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives.
The United States is a constitutional republic.

Dictatorship (Dictature) (DIK-tay-tur-ship)
Form of government in which one person or a small group holds absolute power.
Under the dictatorship, civil liberties were severely restricted.

Theocracy (Théocratie) (thee-AHK-ruh-see)
System of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.
Theocracy blends religious law with civil rule.

Oligarchy (Oligarchie) (OL-i-gar-kee)
Form of government in which a small group of people holds all the power.
Historically, some city-states were ruled by an oligarchy of wealthy families.

Autocracy (Autocratie) (aw-TOK-ruh-see)
System of government in which one person has absolute power.
Autocracy often leads to suppression of dissent.

Federation (Fédération) (fed-uh-RAY-shuhn)
Political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central (federal) government.
Germany is an example of a federation.

Confederation (Confédération) (kun-fed-uh-RAY-shuhn)
Association of sovereign states or communities linked by a treaty or agreement.
Historically, the Swiss Confederation was a loose alliance of cantons.

Unitary State (État unitaire) (YOO-ni-ter-ee stayt)
State governed as a single entity in which the central government is supreme.
France is an example of a unitary state.

Protest (Protestation) (PROH-test)
Statement or action expressing disapproval of or objection to something.
Thousands of people joined the protest against the new law.

Revolution (Révolution) (rev-uh-LOO-shuhn)
Fundamental and often sudden change in political power and organization.
The French Revolution had a profound impact on European history.

Sanction (Sanction) (SANGK-shuhn)
Penalty imposed on a country or individual for violating international law or norms.
The UN imposed economic sanctions on the country.

Treaty (Traité) (TREE-tee)
Formal agreement between two or more states.
The two nations signed a peace treaty.

Referendum (Référendum) (ref-uh-REN-duhm)
General vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision.
The government decided to hold a referendum on the issue.

Coup d'état (Coup d'état) (koo day-TAH)
Sudden and illegal seizure of a government, usually by a small group.
The military staged a coup d'état and overthrew the president.

Negotiation (Négociation) (ni-goh-shee-AY-shuhn)
Discussion aimed at reaching an agreement.
The two parties entered into negotiation to resolve their differences.

Propaganda (Propagande) (prop-uh-GAN-duh)
Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
The government used propaganda to sway public opinion.

Censorship (Censure) (SEN-sur-ship)
Suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security.
The government imposed censorship on the media.

Activism (Activisme) (AK-tuh-viz-uhm)
Policy of taking direct action to achieve a political or social goal.
Environmental activism has raised awareness about climate change.