Hypothesize (Formuler une hypothèse) (hy-POTH-uh-size)
To put forward as a supposition or conjecture.
Scientists hypothesize that the movement of tectonic plates caused the mountain range to form.

Corroborate (Corroborer) (kuh-ROB-uh-rayt)
To confirm or give support to (a statement, theory, or finding).
Satellite imagery corroborated the explorer's claims about the uncharted island.

Delineate (Délimiter) (di-LIN-ee-ayt)
To indicate the exact limits of (something, typically in a map or plan).
The map clearly delineated the boundaries of the national park.

Posit (Supposer) (POZ-it)
To assume as a fact; put forward as a basis of argument.
Geographers posit that changes in ocean currents can drastically affect regional climates.

Articulate (Exprimer clairement) (ahr-TIK-yuh-layt)
To express (an idea or feeling) fluently and coherently.
The speaker articulated the complex relationship between climate change and sea-level rise.

Contend (Affirmer) (kun-TEND)
To assert something as true in an argument.
Experts contend that deforestation is a major contributor to soil erosion.

Theorize (Théoriser) (THEE-uh-rize)
To formulate a theory or conjecture about (a subject).
Paleontologists theorize about the ancient geography of the supercontinent Pangaea.

Substantiate (Justifier) (sub-STAN-shee-ayt)
To provide evidence to support or prove the truth of.
New geological surveys helped substantiate the presence of valuable mineral deposits.

Conjecture (Conjecturer) (kun-JEK-cher)
To form an opinion or supposition about something on the basis of incomplete information.
Scientists can only conjecture about the precise formation of the Earth's early landmasses.

Expound (Développer) (ik-SPOUND)
To present and explain (a theory or idea) systematically and in detail.
The professor expounded on the principles of fluvial geomorphology.

Topography (Topographie) (tuh-POG-ruh-fee)
The arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area.
The island's varied topography includes volcanic peaks and sandy beaches.

Hydrosphere (Hydrosphère) (HYE-druh-sfeer)
All the waters on the earth's surface, such as lakes and seas, and sometimes including water over the earth's surface, such as clouds.
The study of the hydrosphere is crucial for understanding global climate patterns.

Lithosphere (Lithosphère) (LITH-uh-sfeer)
The rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
Plate tectonics describes the movement of the Earth's lithosphere.

Biosphere (Biosphère) (BYE-uh-sfeer)
The regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth (or analogous parts of other planets) occupied by living organisms.
Human activities are increasingly impacting the delicate balance of the biosphere.

Ecosystem (Écosystème) (EE-koh-sis-tuhm)
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
The coral reef ecosystem is highly sensitive to changes in water temperature.

Biome (Biome) (BY-ohm)
A large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g., forest or tundra.
The taiga biome is characterized by coniferous forests and cold climates.

Geomorphology (Géomorphologie) (jee-oh-mor-FOL-uh-jee)
The study of the physical features of the surface of the earth and their relation to its geological structures.
Geomorphology helps us understand how landscapes are shaped by natural processes.

Climatology (Climatologie) (klye-muh-TOL-uh-jee)
The study of the climate.
Climatology involves analyzing long-term weather patterns and their changes.

Demography (Démographie) (di-MOG-ruh-fee)
The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
Demography plays a key role in urban planning and resource management.

Cartography (Cartographie) (kar-TOG-ruh-fee)
The science or art of drawing maps.
Advances in satellite technology have revolutionized the field of cartography.

Spatial Distribution (Distribution spatiale) (SPAY-shuhl dis-tri-BYOO-shuhn)
The arrangement of phenomena across the Earth's surface.
Analyzing the spatial distribution of earthquakes can reveal patterns in tectonic activity.

Environmental Determinism (Déterminisme environnemental) (en-vye-ron-MEN-tuhl di-TUR-min-iz-uhm)
The theory that the environment, especially its physical factors such as landforms and climate, determines human culture and societal development.
While largely outdated, the concept of environmental determinism once heavily influenced geographical thought.

Human-Environment Interaction (Interaction homme-environnement) (HYOO-muhn en-VYE-ron-muhnt in-ter-AK-shuhn)
The relationships between people and their environment; the study of how humans affect the environment and how the environment affects them.
Sustainable development focuses on fostering positive human-environment interaction.

Regional Analysis (Analyse régionale) (REE-juh-nuhl uh-NAL-uh-sis)
The process of examining the unique characteristics of a specific area or region.
Regional analysis helps in understanding the distinct challenges and opportunities of different parts of the world.

Geopolitical Landscape (Paysage géopolitique) (jee-oh-POL-i-ti-kuhl LAND-scape)
The overall configuration of political and power relations across the globe, influenced by geographical factors.
The geopolitical landscape has shifted significantly in recent decades.

Urban Morphology (Morphologie urbaine) (UR-buhn mor-FOL-uh-jee)
The study of the form of human settlements and the process of their formation and transformation.
Understanding urban morphology is essential for effective city planning.

Resource Management (Gestion des ressources) (REE-sors MAN-ij-muhnt)
The efficient and effective deployment of an organization's resources when and where they are needed.
Sustainable resource management is crucial for long-term environmental health.

Climate Modeling (Modélisation climatique) (KLYE-mit MOD-uh-ling)
The use of quantitative techniques to simulate the interactions of the important drivers of a climate system.
Climate modeling helps scientists predict future environmental changes.

Land Use Patterns (Modèles d'utilisation des terres) (land yoos PAT-urnz)
The way in which land is utilized by humans for various purposes.
Changes in land use patterns can have significant ecological consequences.

Accessibility and Connectivity (Accessibilité et connectivité) (ak-ses-i-BIL-i-tee and kon-ek-TIV-i-tee)
The ease with which people can reach different locations and the degree to which places are linked together.
Improvements in transportation infrastructure enhance accessibility and connectivity.